Introduction
- Federica Andreoni
- Lyn Stewart
- Mohammad Al-Ubaydli
1. What Is a Personal Health Record?
1.1 A bit of history
The concept of consolidating all health information in a centralised location can be traced back to the 1950s. During that era, a paper in the Journal of the American Medical Association proposed the idea of a 'personal health log' as a durable booklet that individuals should possess throughout their lives (Dragstedt, 1956).
Historically, a ‘personal health record’ (PHR) is a basic form of documentation containing essential health information for individuals to stay informed about their well-being. Early investigations on PHRs primarily focused on paper-based records. This shows that, well before the digital age, the importance of maintaining such records was understood (Kim et al.,2011).
The graph below shows the number of ‘personal health record’ publications per year.
Although the term is sometimes used to refer to any platform where health data is stored, PHRs have specific characteristics and should not be confused with other systems. In the next few paragraphs, we’ll list some of the most used terms and explain their meaning.
1.2 PHRs and other digital systems
For the rest of this book, we will use the following definitions of the terms. Authors use different definitions in different contexts, and fashions of definitions change over time. From the perspective of our research, the fundamental difference between PHRs and other systems is the party that ultimately controls the record.
Electronic Health Record (EHR)
A digital version of a health care provider's paper chart, used by health care professionals only. Patients cannot access data in an EHR.
Patient Portal
The patient-facing interface of an EHR that enables people to view sections of their medical records. It includes features like messaging, appointment scheduling, etc.
Personal Health Record (PHR)
Similar to a patient portal but managed and maintained by individuals. People can access, manage and share their health information.
Patient-Centered Digital Health Records
An umbrella term for patient portals, tethered PHRs, and part of untethered PHRs. Enables a 2-way exchange of health information between patients and the health care system.
Electronic Medical Record (EMR)
An outdated term for a professional-centered EHR with limited functionalities.
(Brands et al., 2022, p. 2)
‘PHRs for patients and EHRs for professionals are complementary as each has a copy of the right data with the right tools.’ (Al-Ubaydli, 2011)
A patient portal provides patients with a view of a record system. If the patient controls the system, it is a PHR. If an organisation controls it, it is an organisation portal. If a regional organisation controls it, it is an organisational portal, and so on. These include:
Organisational portals: These are patient portals that only include and allow patients to view data that are contributed by their organisation. E.g., a GP portal (showing data from the GP) or a hospital portal (data from the hospital).
Disease portals: These portals are focused on a single illness, such as kidney disease or diabetes. They allow patients to record and monitor health data specific to their condition. This is thanks to ad hoc features developed specifically for that disease. The main drawback of these systems is that because the focus is on one disease, other illnesses the patients might have may be ignored. These illnesses might be linked and interfere with the one the system is focusing on. This is a step back from a holistic view of patient health.
Regional portals: Some systems collect data from an area or region. These can be very effective as they bring together patients' data from local healthcare providers. However, they are of little use when a patient travels or moves.
Device apps: These are apps where the only data source is a single device, such as a Fitbit.
Patient-entered apps: These are apps where the only data source is data manually entered by the patients.
So, how to define a PHR?
A personal health record is a set of records that the patient controls. PHRs are electronic medical charts containing medical data and information about a patient.
Patients can access their PHRs online and view test results, prescriptions, allergies and other data coming from multiple EHRs. The individual can add to and update the record, alongside the professionally-entered data.
With PHRs, a patient has a single, aggregated record that integrates data about them and follows them wherever they receive care. It’s not locked to a particular geography, clinical system, organisation or device.
2. Why Use PHRs?
Personal health records (PHRs) have the potential to revolutionise the way patients engage with the healthcare system and manage their health. PHRs can be used to empower patients throughout the entire health cycle, from prevention to diagnosis, through treatment and recovery.
2.1 Patients
Patients can self-assess and self-manage with a PHR. They can also receive safer and faster care when a professional assesses and manages them as the professional sees data from all care providers throughout the patient’s life stages.
During the prevention phase, PHRs can provide patients with access to reliable and up-to-date information about how to prevent common illnesses and diseases. Patients can use PHRs to track their symptoms, measurements, and observations, and to contact their doctors if they notice any anomalies.
During the diagnostic phase, PHRs can help patients track their symptoms and share them with their doctors. This can help speed up the diagnostic process and ensure patients receive the correct treatment.
During the treatment phase, PHRs assist patients in managing their conditions and tracking their progress. PHRs can also be used to monitor medication adherence and report any adverse reactions. In the case of surgery, PHRs can be used to provide patients with instructions for preparatory activities and to track post-op recovery.
During the recovery phase, PHRs can help patients monitor their progress and communicate with their healthcare providers. PHRs can also be used to facilitate patient-initiated follow-up, which can help ensure that patients receive the care they need.
2.2 Professionals
With a PHR, professionals can treat more patients faster and safer. This is both because the professional is more productive and because the patient can take on some of the work.
Since patient-professional alliances significantly influence health outcomes, empowering patients can potentially improve health.
In addition, PHRs present various other benefits. Access to a comprehensive overview of a patient's current health status and medical history enables healthcare professionals to make better-informed decisions regarding treatment and care plans. This, in turn, increases the likelihood of treatment success.
PHRs facilitate electronic communication, leading to more efficient and asynchronous interactions between patients and healthcare professionals. This improves communication and has the potential to reduce the workload for professionals, as they can spend less time on phone calls and managing multiple inboxes. Their workload is also decreased because the patients take on some of the simpler tasks like monitoring and recording their own blood pressure. Moreover, effective message-based exchanges on the PHR platform may lead to fewer face-to-face consultations, as certain issues can be addressed through digital consultations.
2.3 Provider
With better records, providers can lower costs and increase revenue by attracting more patients.
When professionals are burdened with excessive administrative tasks, documentation, and other non-clinical work, their productivity and efficiency can be significantly impacted. The use of PHRs reduces this burden and can improve healthcare providers' efficiency in various ways:
Increased productivity and better patient care
Reduced administrative work frees up more time for professionals to focus on patient care activities, such as consultations, examinations, and treatments. This can lead to improved decision-making, patient outcomes and satisfaction.
Enhanced job satisfaction
Professionals who are not burdened by administrative tasks often experience higher job satisfaction. This can result in lower turnover rates and a more stable healthcare workforce.
Improved collaboration
When professionals have more time, they can collaborate more effectively with colleagues. This can lead to better care coordination and improved patient outcomes.
By reducing the burden on professionals, healthcare organisations can improve overall provider efficiency and the quality of care they provide to patients.
2.4 Payer
There are multiple reasons why using PHRs benefits healthcare payors.
Prevention
PHRs enable individuals to take proactive steps to prevent illnesses, reducing the need for costly treatments in the future. PHRs enhance patient safety by identifying health risks early, again decreasing the need for major interventions later.
Self-monitoring
Patients who use PHRs to manage their health and wellness can reduce their healthcare costs by reducing the number of appointments they need.
Informed patients make appointments more time-efficient.
PHRs make emergency handling smoother.
PHRs alleviate disruptions in treatment for chronic conditions.
In general, patients who are self-monitoring through PHRs are less likely to have A&E admissions and surgeries
Medication Adherence
PHRs help patients adhere to their medication regimens, resulting in better health outcomes and reduced healthcare costs.
Online Appointment Management
PHRs allow patients to manage their appointments online, reducing the number of DNA (Did Not Attend) appointments. This frees up space for other patients, improving overall healthcare efficiency.
In general, a country whose citizens can use a PHR will have a higher quality of care at lower costs.
In a research paper titled ‘Utility, Value, and Benefits of Contemporary Personal Health Records: Integrative Review and Conceptual Synthesis’, Ruhi and Chugh (2021) summarised their findings in a table (Table 2) named ‘Value Propositions and Benefits of Personal Health Record Systems to Health Care Delivery Constituents’. Here are their findings:
Value Proposition | Benefits |
|---|---|
Consumer empowerment and patient engagement | Promote consumer health education Enable patients to become informed health care consumers Enhance understanding of medical conditions Simplify and clarify patient instructions Provide a greater control over health outcomes Offer convenient self-health management Facilitate self-efficacy via cues for patient action |
Health care communication | Improve patient-physician or provider communication Timely information sharing for clinical decisions End-to-end care delivery involving multiple constituents |
Process efficiencies and cost effectiveness | Increased patient records portability Reduced chronic disease management costs Greater medical information validity and accuracy Save patient, physician and provider time Reduced cost of tests and procedures duplication |
Enhanced quality of care | Increased patient safety considerations Improved emergency situation handling Extended patient data durability Early identification of patient risks and health susceptibilities |
Public health outcomes | Reduced burden on health care system and resources Enhanced care for underserved communities and populations Facilitate care in public health emergencies Support public health research New avenues for epidemiology surveillance and screening |
2.5 Planet
PHRs have the potential to reduce carbon emissions in healthcare through:
Replacing in-person patient appointments with remote interactions, thus avoiding carbon emissions from journeys to medical facilities.
Allowing patients to remotely monitor themselves, thereby reducing unnecessary visits to the emergency department, admissions, and surgical procedures, all of which contribute to carbon emissions.
Substituting paper records and letters with digital alternatives. This helps in reducing carbon emissions.
3. Challenges in Implementing a PHR
3.1 Change resistance
Multiple studies have shown that the embedding of a new system in healthcare usually meets resistance. Also, they’ve shown that only a small number of medical workers embrace changes. Most frequently, healthcare workers meet changes with distrust, doubts and even rejection.
Payment models greatly increase the resistance to change in healthcare. Healthcare professionals are typically compensated for specific tasks they perform. With the introduction of tools like a PHR, patients can take on some of these tasks independently. As a result, professionals may find themselves engaging in new activities that are not directly reimbursed, while the patient takes over activities the professional was previously reimbursed for. This discrepancy between traditional payment structures and evolving roles poses a significant structural challenge to adoption and integration.
3.2 Training
One of the challenges in implementing a PHR is providing effective training. This refers to both current and future healthcare professionals' training.
Students' training: Studies show a lack of digital health in medical education and a gap between the willingness of medical students to become digital transformation leaders in healthcare and the education that they receive.
Healthcare professionals training: Implementing a PHR successfully requires all the professionals involved to be trained on the system. Lack of training is one of the key barriers to PHR adoption
3.3 Fragmentation
Developing and implementing a personal health record (PHR) presents the challenge of populating it with relevant data, as patients' health information is historically scattered across various healthcare institutions' information systems. This leads to fragmented medical data when patients receive treatment from multiple providers. Different systems then hold disparate parts of their medical history and current health status. PHRs are urgently needed to consolidate patients' complete medical records into one single record, addressing the significant challenge posed by this data fragmentation.
Additionally, workflow fragmentation occurs due to the presence of multiple systems within the same institution, including those for training and communication.
Bibliography
Al-Ubaydli, M., 2011. Personal health records: a guide for clinicians. John Wiley & Sons.
Dragstedt, C.A., 1956. Personal health log: guest editorial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 160(15), pp.1320-1320. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1956.02960500050013
Kim, J., Jung, H. and Bates, D.W., 2011. History and Trends of. Healthcare informatics research, 17(1), pp.3-17. https://doi.org/10.4258/hir.2011.17.1.3
Mareš, J., 2018. Resistance of health personnel to changes in healthcare. Kontakt, 20(3), pp.e262-e272.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1212411718300114
Ruhi, U. and Chugh, R., 2021. Utility, value, and benefits of contemporary personal health records: integrative review and conceptual synthesis. Journal of medical Internet research, 23(4), p.e26877. https://doi.org/10.2196/26877